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AGRIC SCIENCE
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Agricultural Science 2 (Essay)
02:00pm – 04:10pm
Agricultural Science 1 (Objective)
04:10pm – 05:00pm
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANSWERS
_[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6]_
INSTRYCTION: YOU’RE TO ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Poor storage facilities
(ii) Inadequate transportation infrastructure
(iii) Low agricultural productivity
(iv) Pests and diseases affecting crops
(v) Climate change and erratic rainfall
(vi) Political instability and conflicts
(vii) Lack of access to modern farming tools
(viii) High cost of farm inputs
(ix) Poor government policies
(x) Urban migration reducing rural farm labor
(1b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Ministry of Agriculture
(ii) West African Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP)
(iii) Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC)
(iv) Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs)
(v) National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS)
(vi) National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI)
(1ci)
(PICK THREE ONLY)
(i) Ploughing
(ii) Harrowing
(iii) Ridging
(iv) Planting
(v) Spraying
(vi) Harvesting
(1cii)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) High cost of purchasing tractors
(ii) Lack of access to credit facilities
(iii) Poor road networks for transporting machinery
(iv) Inadequate training on tractor use
(v) Scarcity of spare parts
(vi) Poor maintenance culture
(vii) Low level of mechanized farming
(viii) Unstable government policies
(ix) Limited government subsidies or support
(x) Lack of awareness about available mechanization programs.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(2a)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Leaching: Nutrients are washed deep into the soil by rainwater beyond the reach of plant roots.
(ii) Erosion: Topsoil, which is rich in nutrients, is carried away by wind or water.
(iii) Continuous cropping: Growing crops repeatedly on the same land without replenishing nutrients reduces soil fertility.
(iv) Bush burning: Burning vegetation destroys organic matter and essential nutrients in the soil.
(v) Overgrazing: Animals feed excessively on pasture, exposing soil and increasing erosion and nutrient loss.
(vi) Harvesting of crops: Nutrients taken up by crops are removed permanently from the soil when the crops are harvested.
(vii) Poor farming practices: Practices like improper tillage and monoculture can deplete soil nutrients.
(viii) Absence of crop rotation: Growing the same crop continuously exhausts specific nutrients used by that crop.
(2bi)
ADVANTAGES:
(PICK THREE ONLY)
(i) Improves soil structure and texture
(ii) Increases organic matter content in the soil
(iii) Enhances soil microbial activity
(iv) Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers
(v) Improves water retention in the soil
(vi) Suppresses weed growth
(2bii)
DISADVANTAGES:
(PICK THREE ONLY)
(i) Takes time to decompose before planting the main crops
(ii) Requires extra labor and land for growing green manure crops
(iii) May temporarily tie up soil nutrients during decomposition
(iv) Not suitable for all soil types or crops
(v) Can attract pests or diseases if not managed properly
(vi) May increase soil acidity if used excessively
(2c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) It leads to a loss of biodiversity
(ii) Causes soil erosion and degradation
(iii) Reduces rainfall and disrupts the water cycle
(iv) Contributes to climate change through carbon emissions
(v) Leads to desertification
(vi) Destroys habitats of wildlife
(vii) Affects the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities
(viii) Increases the risk of flooding.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(3a)
(Complete the Table)
(3bi)
WIND:
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) It causes mechanical damage to crops.
(ii) It leads to lodging of tall crops like maize and sorghum.
(iii) It increases the rate of evapotranspiration.
(iv) It helps in the dispersal of pollen for pollination.
(v) It can spread pests and diseases.
(vi) It contributes to soil erosion.
(vii) It can aid in seed dispersal.
(viii) Strong winds can destroy farm infrastructure such as greenhouses.
(3bii)
LIGHT:
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) It is essential for photosynthesis in crops.
(ii) Inadequate light reduces crop yield.
(iii) It influences flowering and fruiting in plants.
(iv) Light duration affects vegetative growth.
(v) Excessive sunlight can cause wilting and scorching.
(vi) It affects the opening and closing of stomata.
(vii) Light intensity influences plant pigmentation.
(viii) It helps in regulating plant circadian rhythms.
(3c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Logging for timber and firewood.
(ii) Bush burning.
(iii) Farming and agricultural expansion.
(iv) Urbanization and construction.
(v) Mining activities.
(vi) Road construction.
(vii) Industrial development.
(viii) Charcoal production.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(4a) Cotton Cultivation
(i) Planting Material
Cotton is typically planted using seeds. High-quality seeds are essential for optimal germination and yield.
(ii) Spacing
Proper spacing (usually 30-100 cm between rows and 10-30 cm between plants) ensures adequate sunlight, air circulation, and nutrient uptake.
(iii) Two Varieties
(i)Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Most widely cultivated, suitable for various climates.
(iii)Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense): Known for extra-long staple fibers, often used for high-quality textiles.
(iv) Harvesting
Cotton is usually harvested using mechanical pickers or hand-picking, depending on the scale and type of cultivation.
(v)
(i)Bollworms : Larvae that feed on cotton bolls, causing damage.
(ii)Aphids : Small insects that suck sap, potentially transmitting diseases.
(vi)
(i)Textiles Cotton fibers are used to produce clothing, bedding, and other fabric products.
(ii) Oil productionCottonseed oil is used in cooking, cosmetics, and industrial applications.
(4b)
(i)Improved yield: New varieties may offer higher yields, increasingBollworms*: Larvae that feed on cotton bolls, causing damage.
(ii)Aphids : Small insects that suck sap, potentially transmitting diseases. productivity.
(ii)Disease resistance : Some new varieties may be resistant to specific diseases, reducing pesticide use.
(iii)Enhanced flavor and texture: New varieties can offer improved taste and texture, appealing to consumers.
(iv)Increased shelf life : Some new varieties may have longer shelf lives, reducing post-harvest losses.
(v)Diversified market options : Introducing new varieties can create new market opportunities and attract different consumer segments.
(4c)
(i)Feeding and watering Ensure access to nutritious feed and clean water.
(ii)Egg collectionRegularly collect eggs to prevent breakage and maintain cleanliness.
(iii)Health monitoring : Monitor birds for signs of illness or stress, and provide veterinary care as needed.
(iv)Cage cleaning and maintenance : Regularly clean cages to maintain hygiene and prevent disease
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(5ai)
Fencing
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Controlling pasture boundaries to prevent animal escape or entry.
(ii)Managing grazing patterns to prevent overgrazing.
(iii)Protecting livestock from predators.
(iv)Protecting property and crops from damage.
(v)Efficient use of pasture resources.
(5aii)
Adequate Stocking:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Maximizing resource use without degradation.
(ii)Maintaining animal health and productivity.
(iii) Promoting sustainable pasture management.
(iv) Preventing overgrazing and pasture degradation.
(v)Optimizing production and reducing costs.
Here are two explanations for each of the following management practices in animal production:
(5bi)
Culling:
(PICK ANY ONE)
-Culling is the process of removing animals from a herd or flock that are no longer productive or are deemed unsuitable for breeding.
-Culling is a selective process that aims to improve the overall quality and productivity of the remaining animals.
(5bii)
Dehorning:
(PICK ANY ONE)
-Dehorning is a surgical procedure that involves removing the horns of an animal, typically cattle or goats.
-Dehorning is often performed to prevent injuries to humans and other animals, and to reduce damage to property.
(5biii)
Castration:
(PICK ANY ONE)
-Castration is a surgical procedure that involves removing the reproductive organs of male animals, typically to control breeding and behavior.
-Castration is often performed to improve the quality and tenderness of meat, and to reduce undesirable behaviors such as aggression.
(5c)
(i)Select high-quality oil palm seeds.
(ii) Sow seeds in a germination chamber or nursery bed.
(iii) Transplant germinated seeds to nursery pots or bags.
(iv) Manage the nursery environment for optimal growth.
(v) Transplant seedlings to the field after 6-12 months.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(6ai)
Farm inventory: A detailed list of all the assets and items on a farm, including machinery, tools, livestock, crops, and other materials, used to assess the farm’s worth and aid in management decisions.
(6aii)
Depreciation: The reduction in the value of a farm asset over time due to wear and tear, age, or obsolescence. It is used to calculate the current value of assets.
(6aiii)
Liability: The financial obligations or debts that a farm owes to external parties, such as loans, mortgages, or unpaid bills.
(6aiv)
Salvage value: The estimated residual value of an asset at the end of its useful life, which can be recovered by selling or disposing of the asset.
(6bi)
The law of supply states that, all other factors being equal, the quantity of a good supplied increases as the market price increases, and decreases as the market price decreases.
(6bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Weather conditions
(ii) Availability and cost of farm inputs
(iii) Government policies
(iv) Price of farm produce in the market
(v) Availability of labor
(vi) Technological advancement
(vii) Storage and transportation facilities
(6c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Weeds can harbor pests and diseases harmful to animals
(ii) Some weeds are poisonous and can cause illness or death if consumed
(iii) Weeds reduce the quality of pasture available for grazing
(iv) Dense weed growth can restrict animal movement and access to water or feed
(v) Increased cost of pasture management due to the need for weed control
(vi) Some weeds have thorns or spines that can injure animals
(vii) Weeds may outcompete nutritious pasture grasses
(viii) Weeds may reduce the palatability of pasture
(ix) Infestation of invasive weeds may lower the overall carrying capacity of grazing land
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